Mortality of kiwifruit pests (Coccoidea) exposed to ethyl formate delivered using either carbon dioxide or nitrogen carrier gases
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.152Abstract
Ethyl formate (EF) is used as a fumigant against insect pests on many commodities. Delivery of EF uses a carrier gas, usually carbon dioxide (CO2), to reduce its flammability. However, CO2 is expensive and can only be delivered relatively slowly. Nitrogen (N2) has been proposed as an alternative. The efficacy of EF delivered using CO2 or N2, was evaluated at 5 and 15?C, against two important postharvest pests of kiwifruit (greedy scale (Hemiberlesia rapax, Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and obscure mealybug (Pseudococcus viburni, Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Mortalities of both insect species were higher in the presence of CO2 than N2. There was a strong interaction with treatment temperature: N2 at 5?C resulted in low mortality across both species. Greedy scale was more susceptible to EF than obscure mealybug across all treatments. Nitrogen as a carrier gas for EF substantially lowered the efficacy of EF as an insecticidal fumigant, relative to CO2. This is hypothesised to be caused by differing respiration rates across temperatures and CO2 concentrations. Solutions for rapid CO2 delivery should be explored over further trials with N2 at low temperatures.
References
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Woolf A, McDonald R, Rogers D, Olsson, S, Redpath S, O’Donoghue E, Cate L, Griffin M, Page-Weir N, Chhagan A, White A, Walker J, Jamieson L 2015. Advances in application of high pressure washing to enhance market access. Acta Horticulturae 1105: 385-390. <a href="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1105.55">https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1105.55</a>
Woolf A, Page-Weir N, Oliver R, Hawthorne A, Chhagan A, Hartnett D, Feng R, Nangul A, McKenna C, Dobson S, Stannard K, Rowe C, Puketapu A, Mauchline A, Wood M, Jamieson L 2017. High pressure air for pest removal from kiwifruit. New Zealand Plant Protection 70: 315. <a href="https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.72">https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.72</a>
Xin N, Ren YL, Forrester RI, Ming X, Mahon D 2008. Toxicity of ethyl formate to adult <i>Sitophilus oryzae</i> (L.), <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) and <i>Rhyzopertha dominica</i> (F.). Journal of Stored Products Research 44(3): 241–246. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2008.02.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2008.02.003</a>
Chhagan A, Jamieson LE, Griffin MJ, Page-Weir NEM, Poulton J, Zulhendri F, Feng R, Connolly PG, Davis VA, Olsson S, Redpath SP, Kean AM, Woolf AB 2013. Postharvest management of New Zealand flower thrips (<i>Thrips obscuratus</i>) on apricots using ethyl formate or pyrethrum-based treatments. New Zealand Plant Protection. 66: 63–74.
Da Silva VCP, Nondillo A, Galzer ECW Garcia MS, Botton M 2017. Effect of host plants on the development, survivorship, and reproduction of <i>Pseudococcus viburni</i> (<i>Hemiptera</i>: <i>Pseudococcidae</i>). Florida Entomologist. 100(4): 718–724. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1653/024.100.0418">https://doi.org/10.1653/024.100.0418</a>
Damcevski KA, Annis PC, Waterford CJ 1998. Effect of grain on apparent respiration of adult stored-product <i>Coleoptera</i> in an air-tight system: implications for fumigant testing. Journal of Stored Products Research 34(4): 331–339. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-474X(98)00019-8">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-474X(98)00019-8</a>
Dojchinov G, Haritos VS 2003. Mode of action of the rediscovered fumigant - ethyl formate. The BCPC International Congress: Crop Science and Technology, Volumes 1 and 2. Proceedings of an international congress held at the SECC, Glasgow, Scotland, UK, 10–12 November 2003. Pp. 851–856.
FDA 2017. GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Database. <a href="http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabelling/GRAS/SCOGS/default">http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabelling/GRAS/SCOGS/default</a>. htm. Accessed 31 Oct 2017.
Förster TD, Hetz SK 2010. Spiracle activity in moth pupae—The role of oxygen and carbon dioxide revisited. Journal of Insect Physiology 56(5): 492–501. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.06.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.06.003</a>
Griffin MJ, Jamieson LE, Chhagan A, Page-Weir NEM, Poulton J, Davis VA, Zulhendri F, Connolly PG 2013. The potential of ethyl formate + carbon dioxide to control a range of horticultural pests. New Zealand Plant Protection 66: 54–62.
Haritos VS, Damcevski KA, Dojchinov G 2006. Improved efficacy of ethyl formate against stored grain insects by combination with carbon dioxide in a ‘dynamic’ application. Pest Management Science 62(4): 325–333. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1167">https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1167</a>
Heinrich E, Bradley T 2014. Temperature-dependent variation in gas exchange patterns and spiracular control in <i>Rhodnius prolixus</i>. Journal of Experimental Biology 217: 2752–2760. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.103986">https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.103986</a>
Jamieson L, Chhagan A, Page-Weir N, Connolly P, DeSilva N, Phillips C 2009. Coolstorage for retaining market access for New Zealand kiwifruit. Postharvest Pacifica 2009, Australasian Postharvest and Managing Quality in Chains Conference. Pp. 41.
Jamieson LE, Page-Weir NEM, Chhagan A, Brash DW, Klementz D, Bycroft BL, Connolly PG, Waddell BC, Gilbertson R, Bollen F 2012. Phosphine fumigation to disinfest kiwifruit. New Zealand Plant Protection 65: 35–43.
Jeffery PB, Banks NH 1994. Firmness-temperature coefficient of kiwifruit. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 22: 97–101. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.1994.9513811">https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.1994.9513811</a>
Liesivuori J, Savolainen H 1991. Methanol and Formic Acid Toxicity: Biochemical Mechanisms. Pharmacology & Toxicology 69(3): 157–163. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1991.tb01290.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1991.tb01290.x</a>
Lighton JRB 1998. Discontinuous CO2 emission in a small insect, the formicine ant <i>Camponotus vicinus</i>. Journal of Experimental Biology 134: 363–376.
Ritenour MA, Crisosto CH, Garner DT, Cheng GW, Zoffoli JP 1999. Temperature, length of cold storage and maturity influence the ripening rate of ethylene-preconditioned kiwifruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology 15(2): 107–115. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(98)00074-X">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(98)00074-X</a>
Simpson T, Bikoba V, Tipping C, Mitcham E 2007. Ethyl formate as a postharvest fumigant for selected pests of table grapes. Journal of Economic Entomology 100(4): 1084–1090. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/100.4.1084">https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/100.4.1084</a>
Thienel M, Canals M, Bozinovic F, Veloso C 2015. The effects of temperature on the gas exchange cycle in <i>Agathemera crassa</i>. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 183: 126–130. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.01.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.01.006</a>
UNEP 2000. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer as either adjusted and/or amended in London 1990, Copenhagen 1992, Vienna 1995, Montreal 1997, Beijing 1999. United Nations Environment Program Ozone Secreariat, Nairobi. 54 pp.
Vincent L, Lindgren D 1972. Hydrogen phosphide and ethyl formate: Fumigation of insects infesting dates and other dried fruits. Journal of Economic Entomology 65(6): 1667–1669. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/65.6.1667">https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/65.6.1667</a>
Woolf A, McDonald R, Rogers D, Olsson, S, Redpath S, O’Donoghue E, Cate L, Griffin M, Page-Weir N, Chhagan A, White A, Walker J, Jamieson L 2015. Advances in application of high pressure washing to enhance market access. Acta Horticulturae 1105: 385-390. <a href="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1105.55">https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1105.55</a>
Woolf A, Page-Weir N, Oliver R, Hawthorne A, Chhagan A, Hartnett D, Feng R, Nangul A, McKenna C, Dobson S, Stannard K, Rowe C, Puketapu A, Mauchline A, Wood M, Jamieson L 2017. High pressure air for pest removal from kiwifruit. New Zealand Plant Protection 70: 315. <a href="https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.72">https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.72</a>
Xin N, Ren YL, Forrester RI, Ming X, Mahon D 2008. Toxicity of ethyl formate to adult <i>Sitophilus oryzae</i> (L.), <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst) and <i>Rhyzopertha dominica</i> (F.). Journal of Stored Products Research 44(3): 241–246. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2008.02.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2008.02.003</a>
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Published
2018-07-28
How to Cite
Brown, Samuel D.J., Natalie E.M. Page-Weir, Amanda J. Hawthorne, Reuben T. Wilkinson, Lisa E. Jamieson, Dominic E. Hartnett, Simon P. Redpath, and Asha Chhagan. “Mortality of Kiwifruit Pests (Coccoidea) Exposed to Ethyl Formate Delivered Using Either Carbon Dioxide or Nitrogen Carrier Gases”. New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (July 28, 2018): 102–111. Accessed March 30, 2023. https://journal.nzpps.org/index.php/nzpp/article/view/152.
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